Guidelines for text formatting

Use ⟨…⟩ to mark lacunae in examples.

See a sample of this example format below:

Put every sentential foreign-language example in a separate paragraph together with its translation. Supply all foreign-language examples (except those in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, or East Slavic languages) with morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Where short excerpts (of one to several words) have to be glossed in the text, put the glosses in brackets after the example: osaa-n lentää (know.how-1sg fly.inf) ‘I can fly.’ Use bold type for emphasis in translations only where it is highly necessary.

Gloss roots or stems as the dictionary forms of corresponding lexemes. As for grammatical markers, gloss these as abbreviations in small capitals using the same type-size as in the example and in its translation. Follow the Leipzig Glossing Rules when glossing your examples and align the glosses by using (Tab), not tables. Indicate the sources of foreign-language examples in the same lines as their translations.

Where the language/dialect of an example is specified, indicate the language in a separate line above the example. Provide additional information on the language/dialect, if any, in the same paragraph.

Provided below is a sample format for two foreign-language examples (from French and Tsez):

To refer to example (N) in the main text, give its number in brackets and use letters (e.g., (5a), (5b)) where appropriate to differentiate between examples.

Place phonetic transcriptions in square brackets and phonologic transcriptions between forward slashes.

Use the following example of references to works by three or more authors: [Alexiadou et al. 2007]; and remember to give the authors’ names in full in the References section. To reference several sources in a single entry, put them within the same square brackets: [Apresjan 1995: 252; Uspensky (ed.) 1987]. Use semicolons to separate authors’ names and commas between the years of the same author’s publications. Denote consecutive pages using an en-dash without spaces: [Ivanov 1982: 235–456, 1984; Petrov 1985].

In certain cases (e.g., in references to multi-volume dictionaries with traditional designations), it is possible, though not encouraged, to use abbreviations like [OED] or references to a collection’s title or its beginning line [RF Civil Code]. Mostly, though, it is advisable to indicate the editor’s name instead, as in, for example, [Shvedova (ed.) 1998].

Include the author’s name (in square brackets) in references even where the author’s identity is evident from the left-hand context. For example, “According to V. P. Nedyalkov, ‘Nivkh has…’ [Nedyalkov 1985: 137].”

Translate foreign-language citations into the language of the article. Where a citation is used in the original, please footnote its translation.

Use spaces in citations as you would in examples.

Please consult the following samples below when formatting references to: books in series — [Savatkova 2002]; electronic publications or documents — [Golova 2011], [Postanovlenie 2005]; dissertations — [Blokhina 1970], [Lyutikova 2016]; student theses — [Korotkova 2017]; reports — [Kholodilova 2015]; works in print — [Dressler et al. (to appear)]; and manuscripts — [Volodin ms].

Where the publishing house is unknown, use S. n. in English-language publications or in the English References section; unknown years of publication should be indicated as S. a.; and unknown places of publication, as S. l.; see [Cinque 1999] below as an example.

Where several entries refer to the same author, provide the titles in ascending chronological order. Where the same author’s works date from the same year, use different letters (e.g., 2003a, 2003b) to distinguish among them. Single-author works should precede co-authored works irrespective of the year of publication.

Please transliterate and translate into English all entries made in alphabets other than Latin. Arrange the entries in Latinate alphabetical order.

Provide references inside the text (including in English-language articles) in square brackets; for example: [Apresjan 1995: 252]. Use the following example of references to works by three or more authors: [Alexiadou et al. 2007]; and remember to give the authors’ names in full in the References section. To reference several sources in a single entry, put them within the same square brackets: [Apresjan 1995: 252; Uspensky (ed.) 1987]. Use semicolons to separate authors’ names and commas between the years of the same author’s publications. Denote consecutive pages using an en-dash without spaces: [Ivanov 1982: 235–456, 1984; Petrov 1985].

In certain cases (e.g., in references to multi-volume dictionaries with traditional designations), it is possible, though not encouraged, to use abbreviations like [OED] or references to a collection’s title or its beginning line [RF Civil Code]. Mostly, though, it is advisable to indicate the editor’s name instead, as in, for example, [Shvedova (ed.) 1998].

Transliterate Cyrillic titles following the US State Department’s transliteration system; see http://transliteration.ru/gosdep/ (description) or https://nyc-brooklyn.ru/transliteration/ (transliterator). Transliterate all author and journal names. Transliterate and translate the titles of books, edited volumes, articles. Publishing house names are either translated where they represent university or other institution names as, for example, Издательство СПбГУ — St. Petersburg State University Press, or transliterated where they represent proper names as, for example, Наука — Nauka.

List sources (texts used as research material) separately before the References section, titling them as Sources.