DOI:10.30842/alp23065737181267281
Nikolaev Alexander. Greek μαπ- and its
congeners. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. 2022. 18(1):
267–281.
Ancient Greek (aor.) μαπέ/ό- 'to seize' ([Hes.] Sc. 231, 252,
304) has not yet received a satisfactory etymology which this paper
aims to provide. Ever since antiquity it has been argued that aor.
μαπέ/ό- is a secondary replacement of *μαρπέ/ό- made from nearly
synonymous and much better attested verb μάρπτω 'seize, overtake,
strike' (for which only sigmatic aorist is attested). This view
does not carry conviction; the present paper argues that aor.
μαπέ/ό- is real and its root μαπ- is distinct from that of μάρπτω
for which a new etymological analysis is offered (PIE *merkʷ-
'snatch, take away', Toch. A märk- 'to take away'). My proposal is
to view μαπ- as a zero-grade root allomorph *mm̥p- formed from a
full-grade root *memp- (< *menp-) cf. παθέ/ό- (< *bʰn̥dʰ-) :
πενθ- (< *bʰendʰ-), δρακέ/ό- (< *dr̥ḱ -) : δερκ- (<
*derḱ- ), etc. The hypothetical full-grade root *memp- (<
*menp-) can be analyzed as a verbal governing compound of PIE *men-
'hand' (Lat. manus 'hand', OIr. muin₂ 'protection', OE mund 'hand',
Hitt. maniyaḫḫ - 'to hand over') and the root *h₁ep- 'take' (Lat.
coepī 'I began', apiō 'I tie', Hitt. epp-zi 'grabs', Ved. ā́pa 'has
reached'): *men-h₁p- 'take with one's hand; seize'. Similar
compounds with PIE *men- 'hand' used as the first member are
reflected in Lat. mancipium 'laying hold of a thing; ownership'
(quasi *men- + *keh₂p-) and mandāre 'to hand over' (quasi *men- +
*dʰeh₁-). This nominal compound underlies the neo-root *menh₁p-;
compare Ved. gup- 'to protect' (based on the compound go-pā́-
'cow-herd'), Lat. crēd- 'believe' (< *ḱ reds-dʰeh₁-) or PIE
*u̯elh₁bʰ- 'speak lies' (< *u̯elh₁-bʰeh₂-). In aor.
*(h₁)e-menh₁p-t 'seized' the laryngeal would be lost in a heavy
CHCC cluster by Schmidt-Hackstein's rule, hence 3 sg. *(h₁)e-menp-t
(> *(h₁)e-memp-t with place assimilation), 3 pl.
*(h₁)e-mm̥p-ent, remade as thematic aorist μαπέ/ό-. A neat parallel
to the proposed development may be found in another verbal
governing compound of PIE date, namely, *men(e)s-dʰh₁- 'to
implement thinking' > μενθ- (remade as μανθ-) which in turn
engendered a new zero-grade μαθ-.
Keywords
Greek epic poetry, Greek etymology, compounds,
formulaic collocations, laryngeal theory, Hittite, Tocharian
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