DOI:10.30842/alp2306573716102
Rakhilina Ye. V., Reznikova T. I.,
Ryzhova D. A. Tipologiya metafor padeniya. Acta Linguistica
Petropolitana. 2020. XVI(1): 64–114.
The paper discusses the metaphorical extensions of FALLING
verbs, identified on a sample of 20 languages, including, besides
several Standard Average European languages, Mandarin Chinese,
Japanese, Aghul, Adyghe, Basque, and some other languages from
different language families. The verbs under study are
characterized by a wide range of figurative meanings, which are
shown to be recurrent across languages, cf. the well-known pattern
LESS IS DOWN, as well as the semantics of the onset of a season,
transformation, surrender, lagging behind a group, and many
others.
The study is conducted within the frame-based methodology:
figurative meanings of the verbs with initial semantics of falling
are revealed from dictionaries and corpus data, as well as via
elicitation with the help of a context-based questionnaire
specifically designed for these purposes. The revealed metaphorical
usages of FALLING verbs in different languages are reported mostly
in the corresponding papers of the present volume. This paper gives
an overview of the attested figurative meanings of the verbs
denoting uncontrolled downward motion and offers a typological
analysis of the detected patterns.
Based on the typological data, we argue that the derived
meanings should be traced back not to the idea of falling in
general, but to a particular frame of falling, i.e. to a certain
type of uncontrolled downward motion: falling from above (from an
upper surface), loss of vertical orientation, destruction, or
detachment. Thus, the onset of the time period goes back to falling
from an upper surface, transformation is derived from loss of
vertical orientation, surrender from destruction, and lagging
behind a group from detachment.
Keywords
lexical typology, verbs of falling, metaphor,
typology of metaphors
References
Bagirokova, Ryzhova (in
press)
I. G. Bagirokova, D. A. Ryzhova.
Metafory glagolov padeniya v adygeyskom yazyke [Metaphorical
extensions of the verbs of falling in West-Circassian].
Izvestiya RAN. Seriya literatury i yazyka (in
press).
Britsyn et al. 2009
V. M. Britsyn, E. V. Rakhilina, T. I.
Reznikova, G. M. Yavorskaya (eds.). Kontsept BOL v tipologicheskom
osveshchenii [The concept of PAIN from a typological perspective].
Kyiv: Vidavnichiy dim Dmitra Burago, 2009.
Brugman 1988
C. M. Brugman. The story of “over”:
Polysemy, semantics, and the structure of the lexicon. New York:
Garland, 1988.
Dolscheid et al. 2013
S. Dolscheid, Sh. Shayan, A. Majid,
D. Casasanto. The Thickness of Musical Pitch: Psychophysical
Evidence for Linguistic Relativity. Psychological Science.
2013. Vol. 24. Iss. 5. P. 613–621.
François 2008
A. François. Semantic maps and the
typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across
languages. M. Vanhove (ed.). From Polysemy to Semantic change:
Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations [Studies
in Language Companion Series, 106]. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John
Benjamins, 2008. P. 163–215.
Georgakopoulos, Polis under
revision
T. Georgakopoulos, S. Polis. Dynamic
semantic maps of content words. The diachrony of time-related
lexemes. Journal of Historical Linguistics, under
revision.
Goto, Say 2009
K. V. Goto, S. S. Say. Chastotnye
kharakteristiki klassov russkikh refleksivnykh glagolov [Frequency
characteristics of Russian reflexive verbs]. V. A. Plungyan, E. V.
Rakhilina, S. G. Tatevosov, K. L. Kiseleva (eds.). Korpusnye
issledovaniya po russkoy grammatike [Corpus Studies on Russian
Grammar]. Moscow: Probel-2000, 2009. P. 184–223.
Haspelmath 1990
M. Haspelmath. The Grammaticization
of Passive Morphology. Studies in Language. 1990.
Vol. 14. No 1. P. 25–72.
Heine, Kuteva 2002
B. Heine, T. Kuteva. World Lexicon of
Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2002.
Kashkin 2017
E. V. Kashkin. Komi yazyk i
leksicheskaya tipologiya: glagoly padeniya [Komi and lexical
typology: verbs of falling]. R. P. Popova (ed.). Permistika-16:
Dialekty i istoriya permskikh yazykov vo vzaimodeystvii s drugimi
yazykami: sbornik nauchnykh statey [Permistics-16.
Dialects and history of the Permian languages in interaction with
other languages: edited volume]. Syktyvkar: Pitirim Sorokin
Syktyvkar State University Press, 2017. P. 86–94.
Kopecka, Narasimhan (eds.)
2012
A. Kopecka, B. Narasimhan (eds.).
Events of Putting and Taking: A crosslinguistic perspective.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012.
Kruglyakova 2010
V. A. Kruglyakova. Semantika glagolov
vrashcheniya v tipologicheskoy perspektive. Diss. … kand. filol.
nauk [Semantics of rotation verbs in a typological perspective.
Phil. cand. diss.]. Moscow: Russian State University for
Humanities, 2010.
Kustova 2004
G. I. Kustova. Tipy proizvodnykh
znacheniy i mekhanizmy yazykovogo rasshireniya. [Types of derived
meanings and mechanisms of language extension]. Moscow: Yazyki
slavyanskoy kultury, 2004.
Lakoff 1987
G. Lakoff. Women, fire, and dangerous
things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, London:
University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, Johnson 1980
G. Lakoff, M. Johnson. Metaphors We
Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
List et al. 2018
J.-M. List, S. Greenhill, C.
Anderson, Th. Mayer, T. Tresoldi, R. Forkel. CLICS2: An improved
database of cross-linguistic colexifications: Assembling lexical
data with the help of cross-linguistic data formats. Linguistic
Typology. 2018. Vol. 22. Iss. 2. P. 277–306.
Majid, Bowerman (eds.) 2007
A. Majid, M. Bowerman (eds.). Cutting
and breaking events: A crosslinguistic perspective. Cognitive
Linguistics. 2007. Vol. 18. Iss. 2 [Special issue].
Maysak 2005
T. A. Maysak. Tipologiya
grammatikalizatsii konstruktsiy s glagolami dvizheniya i glagolami
pozitsii [Typology of Grammaticalization of the Constructions with
Motion and Posture Verbs]. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury,
2005.
Maysak, Rakhilina 2007
T. A. Maysak, E. V. Rakhilina (eds.).
Glagoly dvizheniya v vode: leksicheskaya tipologiya [The typology
of Aquamotion verbs]. Moscow: Indrik, 2007.
Paducheva 2004
E. V. Paducheva. Dinamicheskie modeli
v semantike leksiki [Dynamic models in lexical semantics]. Moscow:
Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury, 2004.
Rakhilina, Reznikova 2013
E. V. Rakhilina, T. I. Reznikova.
Freymovyy podkhod k leksicheskoy tipologii [A Frame-based
methodology for lexical typology]. Voprosy yazykoznaniya.
2013. No. 2. P. 3–31.
Rakhilina et al. 2010a
E. V. Rakhilina, T. I. Reznikova, A.
A. Bonch-Osmolovskaya. Tipologiya preobrazovaniya konstruktsiy:
predikaty boli [A Typology of Construction Modifications: Pain
Predicates]. E. V. Rakhilina (ed.). Lingvistika
konstruktsiy [Linguistics of constructions]. Moscow:
Azbukovnik, 2010. P. 456–540.
Rakhilina et al. 2010b
E. V. Rakhilina, T. I. Reznikova, O.
S. Karpova. Semanticheskie perekhody v atributivnykh
konstruktsiyakh: metafora, metonimiya i rebrending [Semantic Shifts
in Attributive Constructions: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Rebranding].
E. V. Rakhilina (ed.). Lingvistika konstruktsiy
[Linguistics of constructions]. Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2010. P.
396–455.
Speed et al. (eds.) 2019
L. J. Speed, C. O’Meara, L. San
Roque, A. Majid. Perception Metaphors. [Converging Evidence in
Language and Communication Research. Vol. 19]. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins, 2019.
Vostrikova 2003
N. M. Vostrikova Grammatikalizatsiya
glagolov kauzatsii dvizheniya i izmeneniya polozheniya v
prostranstve [Grammaticalization of caused-motion and posture
change verbs]. A. S. Narinyani (ed.). Kompyuternaya lingvistika
i intellektualnye tekhnologii: Trudy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii
«Dialog-2003» (Protvino, 11–16 iyunya, 2003 g.) [Computational
Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies. Proceedings of the
International Conference Dialogue-2003 (Protvino, 11–16 June
2003)]. Moscow: Russian State University for Humanities Publishing
House, 2003.
