DOI:10.30842/alp23065737193318356
Orlov V. A. Funktsii i tipy imperativa v
Yevangeliyakh ot Luki i Ioanna. Acta Linguistica
Petropolitana. 318–356.
The paper deals with imperative contexts in the Gospels of Luke
and John. Based on the evidence of seven languages with different
imperative systems (Ancient Greek, Latin, Russian, English,
Spanish, Finnish and Hill Mari), a classification of imperative
contexts is proposed. It is argued that these contexts can be
classified according to their pragmatic function in the text and,
optionally, according to their semantic type. The concept of the
Imperative and its features relevant for cross-linguistic variation
of imperative meanings are discussed. The contexts are chosen
according to the parameters typically attributed to the imperative
in the literature. They include direct causation, agentive subject
and the speaker’s control of the situation, i.e. parameters that
can be treated as pivots forming a prototypical model of the
imperative. The article also discusses the concepts of the
Hortative and Jussive as closely related to that of the Imperative
and proposes an idea of semantic distinction between these notions.
Jussive can be treated as a category expressing indirect causation
and Hortative, as that primarily used to express the speaker’s
intention to fulfill the action.
The imperative contexts are classified according to their
pragmatic functions in the text of the Gospels. It is argued that
prototypical imperatives express directive illocutionary force.
Non-prototypical Imperatives are thus used for a different purpose
where they either help organize the discourse or serve as
prescriptions for Jesus’s followers. It is shown that different
personal forms of the Imperative are distributed unevenly across
the pragmatic functions. While 2SG forms mainly perform the
directive function, 2PL forms tend to more often occur in
prescriptive contexts.
Finally, three semantic types of the imperative occurring in the
Gospels are discussed. The delayed Imperative is used to indicate
that the action is to be fulfilled later. The directional
Imperative implies that there is some motion accompanying the main
action. Requests are used for command mitigation.
Keywords
parallel corpus, New Testament, imperative,
jussive, hortative, semantic types of imperative, pragmatic
functions of imperative
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