Nikolaev Alexander͏. Greek μαπ- and its congeners.
Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. 2022. 18(1): 267–281DOI: 10.30842/alp23065737181267281
Ancient Greek (aor.) μαπέ/ό- 'to seize' ([Hes.] Sc. 231, 252, 304) has not yet received a satisfactory etymology which this paper aims to provide. Ever since antiquity it has been argued that aor. μαπέ/ό- is a secondary replacement of *μαρπέ/ό- made from nearly synonymous and much better attested verb μάρπτω 'seize, overtake, strike' (for which only sigmatic aorist is attested). This view does not carry conviction; the present paper argues that aor. μαπέ/ό- is real and its root μαπ- is distinct from that of μάρπτω for which a new etymological analysis is offered (PIE *merkʷ- 'snatch, take away', Toch. A märk- 'to take away'). My proposal is to view μαπ- as a zero-grade root allomorph *mm̥p- formed from a full-grade root *memp- (< *menp-) cf. παθέ/ό- (< *bʰn̥dʰ-) : πενθ- (< *bʰendʰ-), δρακέ/ό- (< *dr̥ḱ -) : δερκ- (< *derḱ- ), etc. The hypothetical full-grade root *memp- (< *menp-) can be analyzed as a verbal governing compound of PIE *men- 'hand' (Lat. manus 'hand', OIr. muin₂ 'protection', OE mund 'hand', Hitt. maniyaḫḫ - 'to hand over') and the root *h₁ep- 'take' (Lat. coepī 'I began', apiō 'I tie', Hitt. epp-zi 'grabs', Ved. ā́pa 'has reached'): *men-h₁p- 'take with one's hand; seize'. Similar compounds with PIE *men- 'hand' used as the first member are reflected in Lat. mancipium 'laying hold of a thing; ownership' (quasi *men- + *keh₂p-) and mandāre 'to hand over' (quasi *men- + *dʰeh₁-). This nominal compound underlies the neo-root *menh₁p-; compare Ved. gup- 'to protect' (based on the compound go-pā́- 'cow-herd'), Lat. crēd- 'believe' (< *ḱ reds-dʰeh₁-) or PIE *u̯elh₁bʰ- 'speak lies' (< *u̯elh₁-bʰeh₂-). In aor. *(h₁)e-menh₁p-t 'seized' the laryngeal would be lost in a heavy CHCC cluster by Schmidt-Hackstein's rule, hence 3 sg. *(h₁)e-menp-t (> *(h₁)e-memp-t with place assimilation), 3 pl. *(h₁)e-mm̥p-ent, remade as thematic aorist μαπέ/ό-. A neat parallel to the proposed development may be found in another verbal governing compound of PIE date, namely, *men(e)s-dʰh₁- 'to implement thinking' > μενθ- (remade as μανθ-) which in turn engendered a new zero-grade μαθ-.
Authors:
Nikolaev Alexander͏
Boston University (Boston MA, USA)
alexander.s.nikolaev@gmail.com
Alexander͏ Nikolaev
References:
Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. W. Hock, R. Fecht, A. Feulner, H. Helene, E. Hill, D. S. Wodtko (eds.). Version 2.0. URL: https://alew.hu-berlin.de.
T. G. Barnes. Homeric ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην. Journal of Hellenic Studies. 2011. Vol. 131. P. 1–13.
R. S. P. Beekes. Etymological dictionary of Greek. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2010.
É. Benveniste. Études hittites at indoeuropéennes. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. 1954. Vol. 50. P. 29–43.
P. Bing. A proto-epyllion? The Pseudo-Hesiodic Shield and the poetics of deferral. M. Baumbach, S. Bär (eds.). Brill's companion to Greek and Latin epyllion and its reception. Leiden: Brill, 212. P. 177–197.
A. Blanc. La distribution des biens et des maux: εὐμαρής et la racine *smer-. Revue des Études Grecques. 1992. Vol. 105. P. 548–556.
A. Blanc. Les adjectifs sigmatiques du grec ancien: un cas de métamorphisme dérivationnel. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 2018.
C. M. Bowra. Γλῶσσαι κατὰ πόλεις. C. M. Bowra. On Greek Margins. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. P. 27–45 (a revised version of the article originally published in Glotta. 1959. Vol. 38. P. 43–60).
G. Carling. Die Funktionen der lokalen Kasus im Tocharischen. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter, 2000.
G. Curtius. Das Verbum der Griechischen Sprache. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1873.
B. Čop. Zur hethitischen Schreibung und Lautung. Linguistica. 1964. Vol. 6. P. 37–76.
M. Egetmeyer. Wörterbuch zu den Inschriften im kyprischen Syllabar. Unter Berücksichtigung einer Arbeit von Almut Hintze. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter, 1992.
H. Ehrlich. Zur indogermanischen Sprachgeschichte. Königsberg, 1910.
M. Frotscher, G. Kroonen, J. Barðdal. Indo-European inroads into the syntactic–etymological interface: A reconstruction of the PIE verbal root *menkʷ- ‘lack' and its argument structure. Historische Sprachforschung.
J. L. García Ramón. Reconstructing IE lexicon and phraseology: Inherited patterns and lexical renewal. S. W. Jamison, H. C. Melchert, B. Vine (eds.). Proceedings of the 21st Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, October 30th and 31st, 2009. Bremen: Hempen, 2010. P. 69–106.
L. G. Gercenberg. Morfologicheskaja struktura slova v drevnikh indoevropejskikh jazykakh [The Morphological Structure of the Word in the Ancient Indo-European Languages]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1972.
L. G. Gercenberg, N. N. Kazansky. Prajazykovaja rekonstrukcija: obshchie problemy [Reconstructing a Proto-Language: General Issues]. Vestnik Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk. 2005. Vol. 75. No. 12. P. 1077–1088.
T. Gotō. Griechisch ἐλεφαίρομαι. W. Smoczyński (ed.). Kuryłowicz Memorial Volume. Part One. Cracow: Universitas, 1995. P. 365–370.
O. Hackstein. Die Sprachform der homerischen Epen: Faktoren morphologischer Variabilität in literarischen Frühformen: Tradition, Sprachwandel, Sprachliche Anachronismen. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2002.
O. Hackstein. Uridg. CH.CC > C. CC. Historische Sprachforschung. 2002. Vol. 115. P. 1–22.
Inscriptiones Graecae. Vol. 1‒. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1873‒.
P. Kösling. Die griechischen primären Jotpräsentien untersucht und dargestellt nach Formenbestand, Aktionsarten und Etymologie. Hamburg: Dr. Kovač, 1998.
G. Kroonen. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
C. le Feuvre. Homēros dysgnōstos: réinterpretations de termes homériques en grec archaïque et classique. Genève: Librairie Droz, 2015.
Th. Lindner. Indogermanische Grammatik. Vol. IV/2: Komposition im Aufriss. Heidelberg: Winter, 2018.
G. Mahlow. Neue Wege durch die Griechische Sprache und Dichtung. Berlin; Leipzig: De Gruyter, 1926.
M. Malzahn. The Tocharian verbal system. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2010.
B. P. Maslov. The metrical evidence for pre-Mycenaean hexameter epic reconsidered. Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology. 2011. Vol. 15. P. 376–389.
H. C. Mason. The Hesiodic Aspis: Introduction and commentary on vv. 139–237. D.Phil. Thesis. Oxford University, 2015.
M. Mayrhofer. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Heidelberg: Winter, 1986–2001.
T. Meissner. S-stem nouns and adjectives in Greek and Proto-Indo-European. A diachronic study in word formation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
A. Nikolaev. The aorist infinitives in -έειν in early Greek hexameter poetry. Journal of Hellenic Studies. 2013. Vol. 133. P. 81–92.
S. Neri. Zum urindogermanischen Wort für ‘Hand'. A. I. Cooper, J. Rau, M. Weiss (eds.). Multi nominis grammaticus: Studies in Classical and Indo-European linguistics in honor of Alan J. Nussbaum on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Ann Arbor; New York: Beech Stave, 2013. P. 185–205.
A. Opfermann, D. Sasseville, R. Süssenguth. Hethitisch māri- ‘Sichelschwert(?)' aus archäologischer, philologischer und etymologischer Sicht. Altorientalische Forschungen. 2022. Vol. 49. P. 104–122.
G.-J. Pinault. Chrestomathie tokharienne: textes et grammaire. Leuven: Peeters, 2008.
M. Davies (ed.). Poetarum melicorum Graecorum fragmenta. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
J. Puhvel. Vox ex nihilo: Greek ἔγχος. D. Groddek, S. Rößle (eds.). Šarnikzel: Hethitologische Studien zum Gedenken an Emil Orgetorix Forrer 19.02.1894–10.01.1986. Dresden: Verlag der technischen Universität Dresden, 2004. P. 531–532.
L. Radif. Significato e funzione di alcuni avverbi omerici in -ξ -ψ. U. Rapallo, G. Garbugino (eds.). Grammatica e lessico delle lingue «morte». Alessandria: Ed. dell'Orso, 1998. P. 33–46.
C. F. Ranke. Hesiodi quod fertur Scutum Herculis ex recognitione et cum animadversionibus Fr. Aug. Wolfii. Quedlinburg; Leipzig, 1840.
G. T. Rikov. Cornish manal ‘sheaf', Latin manus ‘hand' and connected problems. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 2003. Vol. 8. P. 149–157.
C. J. Ruijgh. L'élément achéen dans la langue épique. Assen: van Gorcum, 1957.
S. Scarlata. Die Wurzelkomposita im R̥g-Veda. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1999.
J. Schindler. Zum Ablaut der neutralen s-Stämme des Indogermanischen. H. Rix (ed.). Flexion und Wortbildung. Akten der V. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1975. P. 259–267.
J. Schmidt. Kritik der Sonantentheorie. Weimar: Böhlau, 1895.
G. Schmidt. Die iranischen Wörter für “Tochter” und “Vater” und die Reflexe des interkonsonantischen H (ə) in den idg. Sprachen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 1973. Vol. 87. P. 36–83.
M. Schutzeichel. Indogermanische Funktionsverbgefüge. Münster: Monsenstein und Vannerdat, 2014.
F. G. Schwarz. De Scuto quod fertur Hesiodi: quaestiones ad compositionem et dicendi genus maxime pertinentes. Berolini: Pilz & Noack, 1932.
E. Schwyzer. Griechische Grammatik. Vol. 1: Allgemeiner Tell. Lautlehre. Wortbildung. Flexion. München: Beck, 1939.
G. Spatafora. Sul significato di μάψ e dei suoi derivati in età arcaica e classica. Parnassos. 1997. Vol. 39. P. 247–254.
J. Sitzler. Review of T. Bergk. Poetae lyrici Graeci III, 4th ed. Leipzig 1882. Philologische Rundschau. 1883. Vol. 3. Fasc. 30. P. 920–938.
F. Starke. Review of Chicago Hittite dictionary, vol. 3, fasc. 2. Bibliotheca Orientalis. 1986. Vol. 43. P. 157–165.
L. Swift. Archilochus: The poems. Introduction, text, translation, and commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
E. Tichy. Gr. δειδέχατο und idg.*dēḱti, déḱtoi. Glotta. 1976. Vol. 54. P. 71–84.
R. Wachter. Non-Attic Greek vase inscriptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
J. Wackernagel. Akzentstudien III: Zum homerischen Akzent. Göttinginsche Gelehrte Nachrichten. 1914. Vol. 1014. P. 97–130 (reprinted in Kleine Schriften. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1955. Vol. 2. P. 1154–1187).
M. Weiss. The inner revolution: old but not that old. M. Serangeli, Th. Olander (eds.). Dispersals and diversification: Linguistic and archaeological perspectives on the early stages of Indo-European. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2020. P. 263–288.
M. L. West. Review of Greek Lyric 2. The Classical Review. 1990. Vol. 40. P. 214–216.
D. S. Wodtko, B. Irslinger, C. Schneider. Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon. Heidelberg: Winter, 2008.
Issue
18 (2022) 1
Документ